The millionaires returned. Others are eyeing the exits.

New York Metropolis misplaced, on web, near 350,000 residents from 2020 to 2023. Policymakers had been notably nervous in regards to the departure of the very rich and its affect on the town’s tax base.

Within the first two years of the pandemic, the town misplaced about 17,500 residents from the highest 1 p.c of earnings earners — these making $815,000 a 12 months or extra. Although small in quantity, that loss represented a 20 p.c decline in ultrawealthy residents, in response to Emily Eisner, the chief economist on the Fiscal Coverage Institute.

However the fears had been overblown. The newest census estimates present the town’s inhabitants starting to rebound in 2023 and 2024, rising by 121,893 individuals over that interval.

In 2023, the online complete of very wealthy residents leaving the town was nearly flat, and a robust inventory market early within the pandemic helped mint extra millionaires.

Nonetheless, different very important teams within the metropolis had been extra prone to depart.

Households with kids underneath 6 years outdated had been greater than twice as probably as households with out younger kids to depart the town in 2023. And whereas migration traits have largely returned to prepandemic norms, Dr. Eisner mentioned, Black residents had been nonetheless twice as probably as white ones to depart — a pattern that predates Covid-19.

Not for the reason that Nice Melancholy have so few infants been born within the metropolis, and faculty enrollment is falling.

The frenzy of school-age kids out of New York Metropolis through the pandemic has left behind a inhabitants that’s getting older and having fewer infants.

There have been 99,000 infants born within the metropolis in 2021 and 2022 — the fewest in any 12 months for the reason that late Nineties apart from 1936, through the Nice Melancholy.

Attendance in New York Metropolis’s public colleges, the biggest system within the nation, is the bottom it has been in 4 many years. There are 111,000 fewer kids enrolled in public or non-public faculty within the metropolis than within the 2018-19 faculty 12 months.

Jobs are again. However development is usually in low-wage industries.

No metropolis misplaced jobs like New York. Two months into the pandemic, greater than a fifth of employees had been unemployed.

So it was celebrated information when, within the fall of 2023, Mayor Eric Adams proclaimed that the town had regained all 946,000 private-sector jobs that had been misplaced, a 12 months forward of some predictions.

However many of the new jobs had been in lower-paying industries. House well being care, a sector that pays a mean of $31,800 a 12 months, grew 45 p.c from December 2019 to December 2024, greater than every other trade.

On the similar time, a large swath of middle-income jobs that present many immigrants and younger individuals a toehold within the financial system have shrunk. The retail trade, which pays employees a mean of $56,200 per 12 months, shed 54,100 jobs from December 2019 to December 2024, a 15 p.c drop.

The development trade, which pays a mean of $93,300 a 12 months, typically with out requiring a school diploma, misplaced 30,700 jobs over the identical interval.

The wage hole is widening…

In a lot of the nation, the pandemic really diminished earnings inequality, as lower-paid employees took benefit of a decent job market and a rising minimal wage in lots of states.

Not in New York.

Within the metropolis, many of the wage development for the reason that pandemic has accrued among the many highest-paid employees, in response to the Middle for New York Metropolis Affairs on the New College.

In reality, whereas low- and middle-wage employees’ earnings largely stagnated from 2019 to 2024, the very best earners — in fields like finance, tech and data — noticed their hourly wages soar, mentioned Mohamed Obaidy, an economist with the middle.

These top-earning employees, who made $312,000 or extra final 12 months, have seen their common hourly wages develop 4 occasions quicker since 2019 than employees within the backside fifth of wage earners, who made lower than $36,000 in 2024. Center-income employees didn’t fare a lot better.

“For the highest 3 p.c, the post-Covid interval is the golden period,” Mr. Obaidy mentioned.

New York Metropolis grew to become an much more costly place to stay, for each renters and householders.

The town has by no means been an inexpensive place to personal or lease a house — but it surely’s much more costly 5 years after the beginning of the pandemic.

Almost 630,000 households spend greater than half their earnings on lease. The median asking worth for an residence was $3,645 per thirty days in February, greater than 25 p.c larger than at first of the pandemic. No a part of the town is untouched. The steepest enhance — almost 40 p.c — has been within the Bronx, lengthy seen as the town’s most inexpensive borough.

The town’s spending on rental help, to assist individuals in homeless shelters discover residences and to offer a lifeline to renters who face eviction, has soared. It’s anticipated to hit $1.1 billion this fiscal 12 months, which began in July. In 2021, the town spent $302 million.

Any resolution to the housing affordability disaster, politicians and housing advocates say, should embrace the development of housing of every kind. Final 12 months was a banner 12 months for the constructing of latest items, with almost 34,000 added, essentially the most since 1965. However it isn’t sufficient, and new building has slowed considerably.

For householders, it has by no means been dearer to purchase within the metropolis. The median sale worth was $865,000 in February, a 28 p.c enhance since early 2020. The median price to purchase in Brooklyn or Manhattan remained about the identical: round $1 million.

Tourism collapsed at first of the pandemic as guests stayed house.

It’s arduous to overstate the significance of tourism to New York Metropolis. It sustains quite a few industries, employs a whole bunch of 1000’s of employees and contributes substantial tax income.

Earlier than the pandemic, the town welcomed file numbers of vacationers yearly and was on observe to host 76 million guests in 2024. The pandemic decimated these projections.

As the town reopened, vacationers returned. Greater than 64 million individuals visited in 2024, the third most of any 12 months.

There are nonetheless fewer worldwide guests, particularly from China, who’ve traditionally spent more cash within the metropolis and stayed longer than home guests. Greater than 1.1 million vacationers from China traveled to New York Metropolis in 2019. It was about half that in 2024.

Visits to many main vacationer locations, such because the Metropolitan Museum of Artwork, has surpassed that of years earlier than the pandemic. However a number of blocks away, the Guggenheim Museum has introduced finances cuts in response to lagging attendance. Different points of interest, comparable to Broadway, have rebounded however not totally recovered.

Supply employees are right here to remain.

No different labor pressure within the metropolis grew and developed within the final 5 years fairly like supply employees. As soon as largely restricted to pizza joints and mail couriers, supply work has turn out to be a everlasting characteristic of metropolis life, reshaping the logistics of all the things from takeout meals and groceries to retail and pharmaceuticals.

Since 2019, the variety of supply employees whizzing by on e-bikes and different automobiles has roughly doubled to 60,000, in response to James Parrott, a senior fellow on the Middle for New York Metropolis Affairs.

The fast development of the sector, a lot of it spurred by current immigrants, gave employees leverage to push for higher pay. In late 2023, after months of resistance from supply app firms, the minimal hourly wage for food-delivery drivers was set to simply underneath $18, not together with ideas. This 12 months, it would rise to over $21, exceeding the citywide minimal of $16.50. (The pay relies on the time the employees are actively making deliveries.)

Regardless of firms’ protests that larger pay would damage the trade, deliveries have continued to develop. Within the third quarter of 2024, 2.54 million meals deliveries had been made per week, a 1 p.c enhance from the identical interval the earlier 12 months, in response to the Division of Shopper and Employee Safety.

An enormous shift in retail means the town appears to be like much less like a mall.

Many critics have lengthy lamented an ever-growing variety of big-box retail shops in New York Metropolis that evoke the texture of a suburban mall.

The economics that supported lots of them had been already shifting earlier than the pandemic, however distant work and a surge in on-line procuring have worn out a whole bunch of shops from the largest firms.

There have been 1,225 fewer chain shops in New York Metropolis in November 2024 than there have been in late 2019, a drop of greater than 15 p.c, in response to Jonathan Bowles, the manager director of the Middle for an City Future.

From 2020 by means of the third quarter of 2024, almost each class of retailer within the metropolis — from attire and electronics to furnishings and sweetness merchandise — had extra closures than openings, in response to the Division of Metropolis Planning.

For a short interval, illicit smoke outlets flooded many retail corridors, however a metropolis crackdown on unlicensed companies has pressured lots of them to shut.